Autralian Horses Revolutionary War Cavalry

The Four Horsemen of the visioned Apocalypse rode white, red, black, and pale horses symbolizing the military horrors of conquest, violence, famine, and death. The four-day Revolutionary War Cavalry Conference horsemen rode gray, Chickasaw red, partisan brown, palomino, black and white horses demonstrating courage, vigilance, force, and determination. Saturday's field lessons and cavalry charge on the Cowpens field highlighted the powerful, destructive force of the disciplined trooper mounted upon a military horse in the American Revolution. More than any previous SCAR conference, the boldness, strength and theatricality involved with this military instrumentality of the horse exuded forth among us.

The horsemen's pounding earth was further grounded for attendees by the two days of in-depth, shared research and stirring presentations of 20 professional and amateur scholars. Wofford College, the South Carolina Historical Society and Cowpens National Battlefield saddled-up with SCAR to make this charge in November 2007 a most memorable and enlightening educational experience. Participants learned, questioned and debated martial equestrian sciences and period arts through featured command personalities, cavalry tactics and uses of the horse in specific battles and campaigns, as well as for reconnaisance and raiding. The welcome hall looked like a backcountry rendezvous: part tackshop, studio, artifactual collective, saddlery, commisary, and horse-trading exchange.

Autralian Horses

It served to flavor our one-on-one gatherings, small-talk and purchase of books, pictures and paintings. From the first day through the fourth, 18th century leather was never far from our nostrils. We began to have an understand of horses, the command of cavalrymen, the recruitment of dragoons and partisans, the equipping and feeding of horse company, and the hassles and honor of independent commands.

Because of Wofford's generous hospitality, embodied in Charlie Gray and Doyle Boggs, over 100 troopers thoroughly enjoyed outstanding fellowship, entertainment and scholarship in first-rate accommodations. Book-ended by rides to Ninety Six to hear an SCAR guided to the Star Fort by way of Blackstock's Plantation where experts John Allison and Mike Burgess explained how Gen. Thomas Sumter’s combined Georgia, North and South Carolina militias stopped the raid of Lt. Col. Banastre Tarleton. At a quick stop by Musgrove’s Mill Interpretive Ranger, Brian Robson, explained the dynamics of this important Patriot victory where the combined Carolina and Georgia militias stopped a British army during the lowest point of Patriot morale. We visited the site of Lt. Col.

William Washington’s one-sided victory over Georgia Loyalist militia at Hammond's Old Store. We traveled by way of Cedar Spring, SC Patriot militia Col. John Thomas’ camp where he was warned of a planned British ambush by the legendary heroic ride of his mother, Jane Black Thomas from Ninety Six. We visited the understudied Battle of Thompson's Peach Orchard - Wofford's Iron Works where George Fields took us cross-country to this beautiful site on Lawson’s Fork.

Prof. Gregory J. W. Urwin gave the conference’s keynote presentation: “’There Is No Carrying on the War without Them’: The Continental Light Dragoons, 1776-83”. Prof. Urwin is an author (The United States Cavalry: an Illustrated History and seven other military history books), SCAR contributor, reenactor, military historian, and The History Channel contributor. Urwin serves as a Professor of History at Temple University; Associate Director, Center for the Study of Force and Diplomacy at Temple University; General Editor, Campaigns and Commanders, University of Oklahoma Press, and is a Fellow, Company of Military Historians. Prof. Urwin, though sick with the flu, rendered a stirring overview of the Continental dragoons, their organization and combat contributions to the Patriots’ cause. His briskly paced keynote address was delivered at Friday’s dinner at the Piedmont Club accompanied by ample visual illustrations.

Leading off the lecture portions of the conference were Scott Miskimon whose paper, “Col. Anthony Walton White and his Defeat at Lenud’s Ferry” and Michael Scoggins who spoke on the “Mounted troops in the Southern backcountry”. The moderator, Patrick O’Kelley, stirred the discussions between Dr. Lee McGee, who presented his thoughts on “William Washington operated as clear patterns of 18th century European cavalry practices and how he came to know how to do that” and Dr. Mark Danley, who discussed “the role of cavalry forces in eighteenth-century British strategic thought and operational art." Moderator Prof. Rory Cornish lead the discussions with Dr. Jim Piecuch who told the controversial story of “The British Black Dragoons” who operated out of Charles Town in the latter days of the war and Todd Braisted who humorously looked at “Lt. Col. John Graves Simcoe and the Queens American Rangers.” Kicking off Saturday morning, our eye-opener was Dr. Robert A. Selig who spellbindingly explained the bad boys’ behavior of “Lauzun’s Legion at the Battle of the Hook at Gloucester” and Charles Price who discussed "Cavalry Operations at Eutaw Springs: A Novelist's View". Price was followed by an engaging description by John Hutchins of the “Fight at Poundridge.”

Displayed at Wofford were book, map and antiquarian book vendors; miniature dioramas depicting important battles; book-signings by our presenters; artifact and ephemera displays; and opportunities to discuss your theories and questions with the presenters and colleagues. Informative presentations, fellowship and great entertainment were had by the attendees.

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Australian Ligh Horse Thre Original Light Horse Brigade

The Australian Light Horse has a unique place within the wider ANZAC legend. The mounted regiments of the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in the First World War became renowned for their hard-riding and courage in battle. Many considered them the military embodiment of the best characteristics of the Australian bushmen. But the light horse had existed for more than a decade before that. Regiments had been created following Federation, and most of these had their roots in the colonial part-time mounted units, with colourful names like New South Wales Lancers, Queensland Mounted Infantry, Victorian Mounted Rifles, or Western Australian Mounted Infantry, that had fought in the Boer War.

Australians saw their light horsemen as an elite. Even in drab wartime dress there was an air of dash and glamour about them. In stereotype at least, they combined the qualities of the rural pioneer with those of the natural soldier. There was perhaps some substance to this romantic view. Drawn heavily from the country towns and properties, where ownership of a horse and the ability to ride demonstrated that a man was both fit and solvent, light horsemen were considered to possess hardiness, independence, and initiative.

The slouch hat adorned with emu plumes became the symbol of the light horse. Most regiments wore it
that way. One trooper later wrote in Egypt in 1918: “On leave the Light Horseman is smartly dressed;
but even in Cairo he has a wonderful love of his trusty hat, which never looks new, and is never by any
chance turned up at the side.”1 In other respects the uniform was not much different from what the infantry wore. What made them distinctive, beyond the emu feathers, was their spurs, polished leather leggings, belts, and accoutrements, including a bandolier.

The light horse was not meant to fight from horseback with sword or lance as cavalry did. The light horseman’s mount gave him mobility, but in action he would dismount to fight on foot; in battle one man in four was usually required to be a horseholder. A light horse regiment was not nearly as strong as a battalion of infantry, and a troop had nothing like the firepower of a platoon. On the other hand, it was a highly mobile and flexible force, could travel distances, and also do some of the work traditionally given to cavalry, including patrolling, reconnaissance, and screening the main force.

By war’s end the light horse had grown to a formidable force. In 1914 Australia had offered troops to assist Britain. This included a division of infantry and one brigade of light horse, all specially raised from volunteers. Within weeks it was announced that the contribution would be expanded and a further mounted brigade was formed as well as a third one by October. Eventually there were five AIF light horse brigades forming the larger part of two mounted divisions; the infantry meanwhile was expanded to five divisions.

Colonel Harry Chauvel was given command of the original 1st Light Horse Brigade. He would soon become the most famous light horseman of all. Chauvel had a long association with the bush and the military. As a young man he was an officer in a part-time mounted unit raised by his father at Tabulam, New South Wales. Later, when the family moved to Queensland, he took up a commission in the Queensland Mounted Infantry. In 1896 he transferred to the permanent forces. A few years later he went with the first troops of the Queensland Mounted Infantry to the Boer War, and in 1902 he commanded a battalion of the Australian
Commonwealth Horse.

Chauvel was small and wiry, and possessed strong powers of command. He was also without vanity
or any flamboyance. In contrast, some of the other leaders of the light horse brigades were noted for
their colour and unorthodoxy. Their nicknames reveal something of the characters of men like Charles Cox
(“Fighting Charlie”), Granville Ryrie (“Bull”) and the popular South African, Jack Royston (“Galloping
Jack”). These were not text-book generals, and they left a lot of work to their staff and regimental leaders.
But mostly they combined good horsemanship, with courage under fire, dash, and leadership. Some became
heroes to their men.

The first-raised light horse regiments had expected to be sent to Europe but got no further than Egypt. They did not accompany the infantry to take part in the famous Gallipoli landing on 25 April 1915. For a while they thought they had been side-lined. They were soon needed, however, so they went without their horses to serve in the trenches. When, after the Gallipoli campaign the infantry went off to the Western Front, it seemed once again that the light horse had been left behind. But in the forthcoming Middle East operations across desert, mountains, and plains, endurance and mobility became essential. The light horse soon proved invaluable in the Sinai and in the later advance into Palestine and Syria.

In 1916 the three light horse brigades (each of three regiments) were placed with the brigade of New Zealand Mounted Rifles to form the ANZAC Mounted Division and put under Chauvel. Next year a further division, the Imperial Mounted Division, was formed by taking the 3rd Brigade and adding the reformed 4th Brigade. In June it was renamed the Australian Mounted Division. When the 5th Brigade was created in 1918, largely from Australians from the former Imperial Camel Corps, it too was included.

While the Gallipoli veterans among them could well call themselves “ANZACs”, the light horse generally did not use the more popular Australian soldiers’ description of “digger”  that belonged to the troops fighting in the trenches on the Western Front. Instead they often called each other by the everyman’s sobriquet, “billjim”. Unlike the other names, this did not survive long into peacetime.

The Australians fought their first big mounted action at Romani; then they advanced beyond the desert of the Sinai. By mid-1917 the British Prime Minister, Lloyd George, was anxious for success in Palestine. He appointed General Sir Edmund “Bull” Allenby to take over from General Murray, who had suffered two reverses at Gaza. Allenby, a cavalryman, had earlier worked with some of the Australians in the Boer War. Shifting reluctantly to the Middle East, from June 1917 he took over the Egyptian Expeditionary Force and quickly stamped his authority on it.

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History Ligh Horse In Turkhis

The Turkish Ottoman Empire had once dominated the lands surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean. But by 1914 its power and prestige had been in steady decline for many years. Yet, despite this, the Empire still covered a huge area, reaching from the Sinai desert in the west to the borders of Russia and Persia in the east.
It included among its citizens people from a multitude of ethnic backgrounds. Since 1908 political power within the Ottoman Empire had been in the hands of the revolutionary Young Turks, whose leading figures were Enver Pasha and Talaat Bey. Both favoured closer links with Germany, and on 2 August 1914 they signed a secret treaty with the Germans. A series of inept diplomatic decisions by Great Britain strengthened the hand of Enver and Talaat, with the consequence that, at the end of October 1914, Turkey finally entered the war on the German side.

This event had enormous consequences for the Middle East, many of which can still be felt today. British concerns focused on two issues: the security of the Suez Canal in Egypt and of the Anglo-Persian oil pipeline in Persia (modern Iran). To protect Britain’s oil supply, in November 1914 an Indian army division landed in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) and captured Basra. It advanced along the river Tigris almost to Baghdad before being driven back. In December 1915 it was besieged by the Ottomans in Kutel Amara, where it surrendered
in April 1916; 8,000 British and Indian troops were taken prisoner.

In December 1914 the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) arrived in Egypt. Ostensibly the Australians had been diverted there to complete their training prior to being sent to France and Belgium to join the British Expeditionary Force. However, British concerns about the security of the Suez Canal couldalso be allayed by the addition of thousands of fresh, keen soldiers to the garrison strength in Egypt. Their presence there was soon justified. On 3 February 1915, after crossing the Sinai desert, an Ottoman force of 20,000 men attacked the Suez Canal. But it was confidently thrown back after losing more than 1,500.

A fortnight later, hoping to capture Constantinople (Istanbul) and in so doing to defeat the Ottomans, British ships assaulted the Dardanelles. When the naval assault appeared to have stalled, troops were landed on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915 in an attempt to reinvigorate the campaign. But it was to no avail. A further major land assault, undertaken in August, also failed. The failure of both offensives forced an evacuation four months later. In the Dardanelles and Mesopotamia, by the end of 1915 the ailing Ottoman army had shown that it was still more than a match for the British Empire.

The broad expanse of the Ottoman Empire contained many anomalies. One of these was the Islamic holy city of Mecca. Although an integral part of the Empire, the city was traditionally controlled by the Grand Sherif of Mecca. In 1914 this hereditary role was held by Sherif Hussein ibn Ali. The officers serving at the new British Military Intelligence Department in Cairo, which from December 1914 included 2nd Lieutenant T.E. Lawrence, were all greatly interested in the fortunes of the Middle East. They had a particular interest in Arabia and hoped the war would bring the Arabs some degree of independence. They had identified Sherif Hussein as the likeliest figure to be able to unite the Bedouin tribes and lead a revolt against the Turks. Towards the end of 1915, the key players in Egypt reached an understanding with Hussein, and six months later Hussein claimed independence for the Hejaz region of Arabia, in which Mecca was located.

The first phase of the Arab Revolt was fought by Hussein’s four sons: Ali, Abdullah, Feisal, and Zeid,
each commanding a small force under the Sherif ’s overall leadership. Initial operations went well, with
Mecca and Jidda secured. But the Arabs failed to capture Medina and the British authorities became
concerned about momentum stalling. Following a visit in October 1916, Lawrence identified Hussein’s
third son, Feisal, as the most charismatic and promising leader and it was to him that the British authorities now turned.

In January 1917 Feisal’s men, working with a British naval force, captured the important Red Sea port of Wejh. Heavily influenced by Lawrence, now serving as his British liaison officer, Feisal took his next step the capture of Akaba, another Red Sea base from which he could push north towards Palestine and northeast towards the Hejaz railway. After an extremely challenging journey through the desert, the Arab force swept down on Akaba and seized it, almost without casualty, on 6 July 1917. Lawrence immediately crossed the Sinai desert to Cairo and gave the news direct to the newly arrived General Sir Edmund Allenby. The two men forged an enduring relationship of trust. Both realised the value of using Arab forces to support Allenby’s
conventional military campaign in Palestine.

When the AIF had arrived in Egypt, it included three brigades of Australian Light Horse. In May 1915, leaving their horses behind in Egypt, the light horsemen had joined the Australian infantry in the trenches at Gallipoli. After its return to Egypt in 1916, the AIF was reorganised and the infantry sent to France. The light horse brigades, however, remained behind. With the New Zealand Mounted.

Rifles Brigade, they were formed into the ANZAC Mounted Division, under the command of Major
General Harry Chauvel, who was to emerge from the war as one of Australia’s most effective and widely
respected generals. His distinguished command of the Australian Light Horse played a pivotal role in the success of the subsequent Middle East campaign.

Following the Turkish attack on the Suez Canal in February 1915, a new Egyptian defensive line had
been established to the east in the Sinai desert. In January 1916 a new commander-in-chief took over in Egypt, General Sir Archibald Murray. In April he moved the forward defence of Egypt to positions around Romani and began construction of a railway and a water pipeline. Murray’s ultimate goal was to push right across the Sinai beyond El Arish to Palestine.

On 23 April 1916 the Turks attacked the positions around Romani. The British defenders were driven off, but the ANZAC Mounted Division under Chauvel recaptured Romani. Over the following weeks the ANZAC horsemen regularly patrolled the desert, destroying sources of water and searching for signs of Turkish activity. On 18 July the New Zealanders reported around 8,000 Turks moving west from El Arish. Just after midnight on 4 August, the Turks advanced against Romani’s southern flank, which was thinly held by light horsemen. Outnumbered, the Australians fell back throughout the night and morning. But in the afternoon, bolstered by New Zealand and British reinforcements, the battle turned. The Turks began to retire, and early on 5 August Chauvel began to pursue them as they withdrew.

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History Arabian Ligh Horses and Australian Light Horse To Military

The exhibition Lawrence of Arabia and the Light Horse is a show that the Memorial is very proud to present. It is based on solid scholarship here and international cooperation. The Imperial War Museum, London, which staged an exhibition on Lawrence of Arabia two years ago, has been of great assistance. Additionally, we are indebted to the generosity of a number of overseas lenders. Developing this exhibition has also provided an opportunity for the Memorial to present some of its important historical treasures, most of them for the first time. Events in the First World War, a conflict in which Australians played an important part, shaped the modern-day Middle East. Some of the personalities of that time remain well known, while others have faded from memory.

Australian Light Horse To Military

Lawrence of Arabia is a name that still holds universal fascination. T.E. Lawrence, the Arab army, and the leaders and men of the Australian Light Horse, all played their part in the liberation of Palestine and Syria from Turkish rule; they came together in dramatic fashion for the final capture of Damascus in 1918.
The Australian Light Horse has a unique place in our history. A mounted force from a young nation, it
fought across the world’s ancient battlefields, entering Jerusalem and taking part in the capture of Damascus. The earlier charge at Beersheba in 1917 is regarded as one of the last great mounted charges in history.
General Sir Harry Chauvel was probably the greatest light horseman of all; he rose to command the famous
Desert Mounted Corps.

Important artists and photographers, such as George Lambert, James McBey, Augustus John, and Frank Hurley, together with historians and writers from Ion Idriess and Banjo Paterson to Lowell Thomas and Lawrence himself, have left us a record of this theatre of war and of those who were involved. Lawrence’s book, Seven pillars of wisdom, is still one of the most read books in the language, and has never been out of print. In recent years there has been a strong renewal of interest in its contents. Many soldiers too left their own accounts in snapshots, letters, and diaries.

History  Australian Light Horse

The exhibition presents a range of precious objects, and it also refers to the other ways this campaign in the Middle East has been recalled. In 1940 the film Forty Thousand Horsemen was released; it became an Australian classic. In 1962 Lawrence of Arabia appeared. It went on to win seven Oscars, including Best Picture. There have also been more recent films and books.

The Memorial is proud to present this tribute to the Australian Light Horse and to explain its place alongside the story of Lawrence of Arabia and in the context of the Middle East campaigns of the First World War. I am indebted to the exhibition’s curator, Mal Booth, and to its historian, Nigel Steel. Lawrence’s biographer, Jeremy Wilson, also provided support and advice during the development of the exhibition. Finally, my warm thanks and appreciation are extended to our overseas lenders: the Imperial War Museum; the Royal Collection Trust; the National Archives; All Souls College, Oxford; the Fashion Museum; the Tate; Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College London; the Royal Society for Asian Affairs; and the National Film and Sound Archives.

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Horses Breeding Tip And Guide High Quality

Horses Feeding Your Mare For a Healthy Foal

As Horses breeders of horses know, the key to producing a healthy foal is treating mama right, beginning with proper nutrition. Providing she is in good physical condition when she is bred -which she most certainly should be most mares do well on a quality maintenance diet until their third trimester. It is during this stage that most of the foal’s growth will occur and alterations will need to be made in the mare’s diet to maintain her condition and promote a healthy foal. In months 9, 10 and 11, a pregnant mare’s energy needs increase by 11, 13 and 20 percent respectively.

But since mares often eat less in the later stages of pregnancy due to shrinking space you won’t be able to just put more feed in the manger. Instead, you may want to feed less hay and more high-calorie grain or a balanced ration or switch to a higher-calorie, higher-protein hay such as alfalfa. To help her foal grow, the mare’s protein needs will also increase by 22 to 33 percent of her regular maintenance diet. Again, this may
mean opting for higher protein hay, or supplementing with a high quality protein source such as soybean oil meal. Your mare should also have a constant supply of clean water and access to a salt/mineral block. Of course, before altering a pregnant mare’s diet in any way you should consult with your veterinarian to ensure that her specific needs, and those of her foal, will be met.

Horses Jumping

  

Horses Medication Tips

“Hyaluronic Acid (HA)” is a naturally occurring constituent of the synovial fluid in joints and tendon sheaths. HA prevents destructive enzymes from breaking down cartilage and causing inflammatory adhesions and scars. The intravenous and intra-articular routes of administration have proven to be beneficial in horses with joint and tendon ailments not accompanied by bony destruction on x-rays. Injection into the tendon sheath for the treatment of tendonitis has given good results.

Horses Tack Tips

The flash is a leather strap affixed to the front of the noseband. It is then buckled underneath the horse’s chin. The object of the flash is to keep the horse’s mouth shut. Either due to habit, poor oral conformation or plain greenness, some horses open their mouths in response to any amount of pressure. They soon learn this allows
them to evade much of the bit’s influence. The ingenious horse even learns to twist his jaw against the bit. The flash can help alleviate these vices. Flashes can be either permanently affixed to the noseband, or may be “hinged,” meaning they are buckled on and so can be switched from one bridle to the next, or removed for showing. Flashes are permitted in many dressage, eventing and jumper classes, but are off limits in hunter shows.

The flash should be adjusted so that it doesn’t restrict a horse’s breathing. It must stay well above the nostrils and not pull the noseband down. To be effective it must be tight, yet it mustn’t pinch any skin.

What is the right schedule for deworming your horse?

If your horse lives at a boarding stable or in any situation where at least two other horses are present, you should paste deworm your horse at least once every six to eight weeks to provide him with full protection against parasites. The reason for this is that the more horses that are present in the environment, the greater the parasite population and the higher the frequency of infection for each horse.

What are the most common signs of worms infestation? 

Hair loss, diarrhea, colic and loss of appetite are only a few of the symptoms of uncontrolled worm infestation, and are the result of parasites interfering with the normal activities of the equine digestive system. Because intestinal parasites compete for nutrients in the horse’s digestive tract, they can also result in pneumonia, weight loss, anemia, rough hair coat, decreased stamina, coughing and/or nasal discharge,
summer sores, depression and loss of condition. Extremely severe infestation can result in death, especially in very young or very old horses.

Does rotating the same classes and brands of dewormers result in resistance for those brands? Rotating the same classes and brands of dewormers will not result in resistance to those dewormers provided the medications are properly dispensed. While cases have been documented of worms becoming resistant to a particular dewormer, improper use such as half dosing, reduced dosing or not deworming often enough is generally considered to be the cause.

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Arabian Horses Best Winner Showingjumping Competition Tip

Last March “Bassel el Assad International Showjumping Competition” was held in Damascus. The Egyptian police participated in this competition with a team headed by General Ahmed El Sawaf, along with Alaa Maisara, Mostafa Selim, and Nahla El Sawaf. Several Arab countries participated in this competition with their best riders. There were 2 levels; A 130/140 cm and B 120/130 cm. The countries participating were: the home country Syria, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Bulgaria.
The competition was very well organized and gave a good chance for the police team to meet with other riders from different Arab countries.

The Egyptian team did very well and achieved good results; the first day, General Sawaf was placed 2nd in the A class and Alaa was placed 5th. In the second day, Nahla did an excellent show finishing first in the B class, while Mostafa Selim was placed 4th in the same class. Coming to the third and last day, the B class was a team relay so Nahla and Mostafa formed a team by which every body expected the lead for them. Nahla started, but unfortunately the martingale got stuck in the mare’s leg over the 2nd fence landing on one leg and both of them falling. But fortunately, General Sawaf compensated this sad incidence finishing 2nd in the Grand Prix. Everybody praised his riding skills and his horse. Then came our talented junior Alaa finishing 5th also in the Grand Prix. Not only the results that matters, but the way of riding and the good show the Egyptian Police riders did. So keep it up guye.

Horses and Arabian Horses Jumping

Click Vodafone, Egypt’s first private mobile phone operator, always seeks to innovate and develop areas in which it becomes involved. Click-Vodafone has been an active corporate citizen in the field of sports sponsorships, sponsoring many different athletic disciplines such as football, tennis, sailing, golf, croquet, shooting and the paralympics to name a few. This time Click-Vodafone sponsorship was extended to the
equestrian sports field. Click-Vodafone together with its equestrian associates Equicare company, have agreed to join forces for the benefit of the equestrian sport in Egypt.

To start, Club 55 “a brand of Click-Vodafone” sponsored a showjumping event at the Ferosia Club in Gezira last January under the name “The Club 55 Challenge”. Prior to the two days event, Club 55 sponsored a showjumping Clinic by the great international rider and trainer Mr. Paul Darragh. The Clinic welcomed 25 top Egyptian riders. The challenge hosted seven competitions, totaling over 25,000 L.E in prize money. The prize money, good courses, perfect ground and excellent organization, attracted Egypt’s top riders. Attended by a large public of horse lovers of all ages, the event concluded with the prize giving ceremony, where officials from the Egyptian Equestrian Federation and Club 55 representatives crowned the winners both horses
and riders with their attractive Club 55 trophies.

The event was a great success for the riders, the sponsor & the officials involved. What we mean here by success is; it was a show that everybody remembers because the competition was exciting, everything went smoothly and both audience & participants had a good time.

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Arabian Horses Exhibition Breed On Egyptian For Championships

On April 27 an Exhibition of some of the finest Egyptian Arabian horses in the country was organized by EAHBA on the EAO grounds. The event was a resounding success and was attended by dignitaries and horse lovers from all over the world. Mr. Sakr summed up the theme for this year’s event in his opening speech. “We are not here to compete for honors, but rather to honor the horses that have touched our souls, to appreciate their heritage, to applaud their beauty. We hope you enjoy this historical gathering and share in the camaraderie and good fellowship among breeders who are taking the art of breeding Egyptian Arabian Horses to a new dimension in this millennium.”

Arabian Black Horses

EAHBA’s list of events for the 2001/20002 season include Two Halter Championships, Two Endurance ride competitions, Veterinary seminars in addition to the Short distance races. They also plan to publish the first pictorial Reference handbook of Egyptian Arabian horses in Egypt. 

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Arabian White Horses

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Horses High Quality Breed and Breeders Equine Nutrition and Nutraceuticals

In this series of articles we want to keep you better informed of the nutrition of the (sports) horse. Nowadays, more and more is expected from horses. That means that horses receive better veterinary support, but ‘nutritional’ support often lags behind, however. The use of a proper, adapted nutrition can prevent a lot of problems in the short but also in the long run and in this way the ‘longevity’ and the availability of your horses will increase. A correct nutrition will form the natural basis for top performances. With this series of articles we will try to make clear which things you have to take into account for a correct nutrition of your horses. In a first series we will disclose the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM of the horse so as to explain a number of practical things through this.

Digestion is a process in which food is being decomposed to its simplest form. Thus, proteins are broken down into amino acids; fats into fatty acids; grains into simple sugars (dextrose) and cellulose into volatile fatty acids. In this way, the food can be absorbed in the blood stream and the body provided with vitamins, minerals, proteins, ... for growth and recuperation or they can be stored for future needs. The horse is originally an animal from the steppe that ate small quantities of grass. This is still visible in the digestive system: the small stomach (small quantities of fodder) and the well-developed large intestine (for digestion of cellulose) are typical of its digestive system.

Horses Breeders

THE HORSES MOUTH:
A first mechanic digestion and reduction of the food is effected in the mouth by the teeth. It is very important that this is done in peace and quiet and that all teeth are in good condition. For this reason, it is advisable to feed pellets with a broad diameter so as to oblige the horse to chew well. During the chewing process, saliva is added to the food in order to facilitate the transport to the stomach. For a good saliva production, it is important that the horse drinks minimally 40 litres a day.

THE HORSES STOMACH;
The horse’s stomach is relatively small (10-20 litres); this is the reason why the horse can only digest small meals in a adequate way. One has to take into account that the food is mixed with large amounts of saliva in the mouth and consequently the volume of the stomach will almost be twice as big. For an optimal stomach activity, it must not be filled more than two-thirds its volume.

In the stomach, it is mainly hydrochloric acid (HCl) and a number of enzymes (pepsin, lipase,...) that are
responsible for the primary digestion of the proteins, fats and carbohydrates. The secretion of gastric juices starts already before the meal, under influence of external stimuli (such as noises in the food chamber,...). For this reason it is advisable to always feed the animals at the same time. The content of a horse’s stomach is less acidic than that of for instance a cow or a dog.

Recent research has shown that a great deal of sports horses (60% to 80%) have trouble with stomach ulcers. The most important cause of these ulcers is giving too little roughage and too big quantities of concentrate per feeding time. In this way, too many gastric juices are produced, affecting the gastric wall and thus cause stomach ulcers. Competition stress is another important factor.

THE HORSES SMALL INTESTINE:
Consists of 3 digestive systems;

1/ The pancreas breaks down the enzyme trypsine for further digestion of the proteins into Di peptides; lipase, for the further digestion of fats to fatty acids; pancreas amylase for the breaking down of starch into dextrine and bicarbonates for the creation of a less acid environment (behind the stomach, where the environment is rather acid)

2/ The gall is a secretion from the liver and consists mainly of gall salts that are necessary for the absorption
of fatty acids and the fat soluable vitamins A,D,E,and K.

3/ The intestinal juice guarantees that a significant part of the food (proteins, fat, starch) is being absorbed in the small intestine and thus is released into the bloodstream. see figure The part of the food that has not been absorbed (mainly cellulose and the excess of grains, proteins in the ration)

The liver;
Is a very vital organ of the horse. Horses have no gall bladder, and consequently the liver alone has to guarantee the production of gall salts for the digestion of fats. The liver serves as a storage for vitamin A (up to 6 months of back up), energy (in the form of glycogen) and iron.

In addition to this, the liver intervenes in the digestion and storage of a large number of vitamins and minerals and in the elimination and detoxification of the rest products of the digestion. (For example: Ammonia from proteins, lactic acid from grains) In this way, the liver of sports horses is often overburdened with the oversupply of certain nutrients (proteins, sugars, vitamins) and medicines. Liver problems show very clearly in a blood test. There are clearly increased levels of indirect bilurbine, Y Gt, LDH 4 and LDH 5, ureum and a decrease in Albumins,

THE HORSES LARGE INTESTINE;
With respect to volume, it is the most important organ of the digestive system and consists of 3 parts; the blind gut (cecum), the large intestine (colon) and the rectum. A rich life of bacteria is present in the large intestine.
Through these micro-organisms rough cellulose (from hay, straw, grass, concentrate,..) is broken down into
volatile fatty acids that after release in the bloodstream are being used as energy. These micro- organisms are
also responsible for the synthesis work; from residues from the protein digestion (nitrogenous fodder rests) they make microbial protein and for the rest they can also produce water soluable B-vitamins. This microbial
protein, however, is only absorbed for a very small part.

Therefore, it is important to feed horses easily digestible protein (that are absorbed in the small intestine). In a
further series of articles on “horses’ nutrition” we will elaborate on the various nutritive substances and
nutrients that can be used.

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Horses Best Quality Nutrition Minerals and Vitamin

Minerals for Horses are needed by the horse's body for various purposes, ranging from serving as components of the horses skeletal system to maintaining nerve conductivity, muscle contraction and electrolyte balance. Calcium and phosphorus comprise about 70% of the mineral content of the horse's body. Therefore these minerals need to be supplied to the horse in the greatest amount and are of most concern in formulating horse rations. Horses are more likely to suffer from a lack of calcium and phosphorus than from lack of any other mineral. Proper levels and ratios (calcium:phosphorus) of these 2 minerals are very important to normal development of bone, because if inadequate levels or improper ratios are supplied structural deformities may result. Ideally calcium and phosphorus should be fed at a 1.2-1.6: 1 ratio. However, ratios as high as 6:1 have been fed to mature horses and ratios of 3:1 have been fed to growing horses with no detrimental effects. Never feed an inverted calcium:phosphorus ratio because it may harm the horse.

Always provide salt to the horse free-choice. Salt is most commonly given by providing a trace mineralized salt block free choice. In addition to the block, include a trace mineralized premix in the ration at 1/2% of the concentrate mix. Salt is composed of sodium and chloride which are important in maintaining electrolyte and acid base balance. Over consumption of salt is usually not a problem if free choice, nonsaline water is available. The practice of providing trace mineral salt will not only meet the horse's sodium and chloride requirements but will also meet its needs for other trace minerals.

Copper and zinc have been implicated in metabolic bone disease. Although their exact role is not clearly
understood, it is recommended to include copper in the concentrate at 30-50 ppm and zinc at 80-120 ppm.
Selenium is also a trace mineral required by the horse. Most naturally occurring feedstuff will have enough selenium to meet the horse's needs. (Selenium is extremely toxic when fed in quantities above recommended levels.) However, Kentucky is a selenium marginal state and as such most commercial feeds will contain selenium at .1 ppm. Therefore, do not top-dress it as a mineral supplement.

Horses Vitamins
Vitamins A, D and E are the most common vitamins added to horse diets. Although B complex vitamins may not be commonly supplemented, including them in performance horse diets may be necessary. It is a common practice to fortify diets with a vitamin premix like the one Vitamin A is the vitamin most likely to be marginal in
most horse diets. The natural source of Vitamin A is betacarotene which occurs in green forages and properly cured hays. As long as the hay source has a green color and is leafy, then it will probably be more than adequate to meet the horse's Vitamin A requirement. Vitamin A functions in the maintenance of epithelial integrity, normal bone metabolism and is very important for night vision. Therefore, a deficiency in Vitamin A may result in night blindness, upper respiratory infection, brittle bones and possibly many other deficiencies. One reason to supplement Vitamin A is that horses are not very efficient in converting beta-carotene to
active Vitamin A.

Vitamin D is very important in the normal absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus. It also functions in the absorption of several minerals for bone deposition. Vitamin D is converted from precursors through a series of reactions in the skin stimulated by sunlight. Rickets in young horses and osteomalacia in older horses are the two most common symptoms of Vitamin D deficiency. Giving large doses of Vitamin D should be avoided as toxicity may occur resulting in calcification of soft tissue. Natural sources of Vitamin D occur in sun-cured hay and cod liver oil.

Vitamin E is found in ample quantities in most natural feedstuffs to meet the horse's requirement. Roughages,
cereal grains and especially cereal germ oils are high in Vitamin E, particularly wheat germ oil. Vitamin E has been implicated in many physiological functions in the horse body. It maintains membrane stability and red blood cell integrity. Selenium and Vitamin E interactions may play a role in treating and preventing “tying up,” and possibly in assuring normal reproduction.

It is believed that the microflora in the cecum will synthesize adequate amounts of B vitamins for absorption
to meet the horse's requirement. Many of the B vitamins function as coenzymes in energy pathways and it is questionable whether adequate amounts of B vitamins are synthesized by the horse to meet the needs of young, rapidly growing horses and horses at high work levels.

Remember that horses need long stem roughage in their diet for normal digestive function. Horses fed hay or those on pasture are more able to maintain gastro-intestinal tract normalcy, experience less colic and are less prone to developing annoying stable vices when compared to horses not receiving a long stem roughage source. Feed horses a hay that is bright colored, leafy, harvested in an early stage of maturity and free from mold or foreign matter. Common hays fed include alfalfa, timothy, clover, orchardgrass, brome-grass, prairie hay and bermuda.

You can also combine these hays for feed. When timothy and alfalfa are used together, alfalfa will usually be fed as a nutrient source and timothy as the roughage source. Use pastures to their utmost in a feeding program. Many classes of horses can meet their nutrient requirements on pasture alone, if the pasture is managed and stocked properly. Mature, idle horses, barren mares and mares in the first 2 trimesters of gestation on well managed pasture should require little or no supplementation. Remember that horses are individuals and should be managed as such. By knowing the nutrients they need and their function, you will find the art of feeding horses much easier and simpler.

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Horses Supplement Care and Maintenance

Knowledge of horse nutrition has grown by leaps and bounds during the last 15 years. Research has become
more precise and critically evaluated. But more important, this research has given horse owners greater understanding of nutrition. They are more aware of the basic nutrients required by all classes of horses, than in past years.

Horses Anatomy System

When you feed horses, you need to have good understanding of their digestive system, including its physical
limitations, and important areas of digestion and absorption. Shows the important parts of the horse's gastrointestinal tract. Most digestion and absorption take place forward of the cecum and are similar to other simple-stomach animals like pigs. Digestion begins when the horse eats and its mouth releases enzymes. Then, as food enters the stomach and small intestines, the major digestive enzymes are released and digestion occurs. Major absorption occurs in the small intestines, with less nutrient absorption in the cecum and
colon.

Of course, the horse's hindgut is also functionally important, since microbial digestion takes place in it. A functional cecum is beneficial because it produces significant amounts of the B Vitamin complex and volatile fatty acids to help meet vitamin and energy requirements. Also note the size of the horse's stomach. Because it is small compared to the horse's size, many classes of horses are not able to consume enough forage to meet their nutrient requirements. Therefore, you need to provide concentrates and increase feeding frequency to support proper growth, development and performance.

Horses Best Strongly

All classes of horses (young, growing horses; horses at work; mature, idle horses; pregnant mares and lactating mares) must get enough essential nutrients: water, energy, protein, minerals and vitamins. All horses require a good, clean source of fresh water daily for normal physiological function. Clean the water buckets and tanks frequently, removing algae and other foreign material. Water deprivation is more common in winter than summer because of freezing temperatures.

Make every effort to ensure that water sources do not freeze, because with most species of animals water deprivation causes death quicker than starvation. Therefore, it is extremely important that a clean fresh source of water be supplied to horses at all times.

Horses Energy Supplement
Energy is what horses use to do work. Their energy requirements are influenced by age and by the work's
degree and duration. Young, growing horses, horses at high work intensities and lactating mares have the greatest requirement for energy. ATP is the basic unit of energy substance utilized at the cellular level. Energy is provided by the breakdown of starch and other soluble carbohydrates and from volatile fatty acids arising in the cecum as a result of microbial digestion of fibrous dietary components.

Cereal grains like corn, oats, barley, wheat, wheat byproducts, etc. are the primary energy sources found in
concentrate mixes. In most cases the greater the energy requirement, the greater the energy density (units of energy of the concentrate. For example, the horse in hard race training needs a more concentrated, energydense feed than the pregnant mare. Mature, idle horses and mares in the first 2 trimesters of pregnancy require less energy and therefore can meet their energy requirement on good quality hay or pasture alone.
In young, rapidly growing horses, horses at work and lactating mares the hay fed should be supplemented with concentrated energy sources to meet their energy requirements.

Horses

Horses Protein Supplement

Horses use protein to synthesize various body tissues, such as muscle. Proteins are composed of amino acids and will vary in amino acid composition. Currently, the exact amino acid requirements of horses are not known. But feeding an adequate source of protein should ensure that horses get the composition of amino acids they need. Protein requirements vary for different classes of horses. Young, growing horses have a higher requirement for protein because they are growing body tissues like muscle and bone.

Mature horses have a much lower requirement for protein than do young horses since mature horses need protein for maintenance of body tissue rather than growing new tissue. Note that horses with increased exercise do not need more protein than do horses not in training. They lose a small amount of nitrogen in the sweat, but the additional grain fed to meet the performance horse's energy needs will more than adequately provide for the increased nitrogen requirement without increasing the percent protein in the diet.

When protein is fed beyond what the horse requires, the body uses it as an energy source and excretes the unused nitrogen in the urine. Although doing so does not harm the horse, protein is a very expensive energy source. Both the forage and concentrate portions of the horse's diet supply protein. The quality of hay or forage fed will greatly influence how much protein is required in the concentrate. A good quality legume hay will contain from 14-18% crude protein and a high quality grass hay will contain 7.0-12% crude protein. Cereal grains will also supply protein in the diet. But depending on the class of horses being fed, the forage component of the diet may not be able to meet their protein requirement. Cereal grains will range  in protein content from 8.0-12.0%. To meet the protein requirement of the young, growing horses you will need to
use a protein supplement.

Soybean meal is the most common protein supplement used in horse rations. Other protein supplement sources are available such as linseed meal, cottonseed meal, dried skim milk or commercially prepared protein supplements which may contain a combination of the above ingredients.

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